Nguyen Quang Tuyen Abstract: This systematic study examines the survey of models was made to study Communication as the necessity of...
Nguyen Quang Tuyen
Abstract: This systematic study examines the survey of
models was made to study Communication as the necessity of
life. And if communication is oxygen for an individual and
blood for society then channels of communication, work as
nerves of the society. First of all, we would discuss ‘Mass
Communication and then ‘Public Opinion’. We have tried to
cover different aspects related to the topic. Both the portions
are interdependent. Sources of Mass Communication are the
most important means of framing public opinion, and media
contents are in accordance of public opinion. As far as basic
structure of mass media as concerned, it is adopted from
western countries. So when we try to impose that theoretical
pattern on our socio-political-economic set up, we find
ourselves uncomfortable and incompatible. Indian writers are
working in this field but still it is in western shades.
Keywords: Livelihood, market economy, mechanization.
GJHSS: Global Journals Blog
GJHSS: Global Journals Blog
Introduction
The mass media are pervasive part of our life. In present time mass communication and public opinion have great relevance. The scenario of
whole world has been changed into global village
because of the channel of mass communication. In old
time print media was the main medium for the flow and
feed back of information, which was very slow. In the
present time the new channels, mainly electronic media
made it rapid and ‘right to know’ supported it strongly.
Media have brought the revolutionary change in human
life and have become very important in decision making
in our daily life. Through this, people come nearer and
distances become lesser. Communication is providing a
readymade macro analysis and micro analysis of every
incidence and information. In this way communication is
shaping the public opinion, which plays key role in
democracy. The social effects of mass media, these
mediating factors operate a person’s behavior attitude
and values. In this way the processes of socialization
have become wider and rapid. The channels of mass
communication are the chief makers and movers of the
information revolution. They have moulded the patterns
of traditional society towards the pattern of modern
industrial society. Communication is the basic necessity
people is essential in a democratic system. Public
opinion is important for the political authority, because it
is believed that in democracies there must be greater
interaction between the ruler and the ruled, and for this purpose, there is a great need of a large scale media
exposure.
The origin of communication might be traced in the probable interaction of early human beings and this interaction has now become an essential behavioral pattern of the human life. Communication is the basic means for the maintenance of the social systems and the process of socialization. Now, media are in a very much communication started with gestures and after that it turned into complex systems of symbols. This confined to face to face conversation. The main problem in this oral period was that the transmission was totally dependent on the memory of the individual. As the society progressed, the communication system also became more complex. Now human being is searching to make the things better for easier life and several inventions are being made by the man. Invention of writing was the first application of technology to the process of communication. Inscriptions, the Vedas, the Upanishads and the puranas are the gifts of writing. These have become the proof of social and political picture of those times. In eleventh century a revolutionary event happened when papyrus was replaced by paper. Present form of book came into existence in fifteenth century. The earlier book printing was done through wood-cut. Technological inventions made the rapid printing possible in the third decade of nineteenth century. Actual idea of mass communication came into existence with the idea of newspaper, and thus press has since been most important channel of mass communication. After that invention of radio, television, computer, internet, mobile gave pace to the mass communication.
The origin of communication might be traced in the probable interaction of early human beings and this interaction has now become an essential behavioral pattern of the human life. Communication is the basic means for the maintenance of the social systems and the process of socialization. Now, media are in a very much communication started with gestures and after that it turned into complex systems of symbols. This confined to face to face conversation. The main problem in this oral period was that the transmission was totally dependent on the memory of the individual. As the society progressed, the communication system also became more complex. Now human being is searching to make the things better for easier life and several inventions are being made by the man. Invention of writing was the first application of technology to the process of communication. Inscriptions, the Vedas, the Upanishads and the puranas are the gifts of writing. These have become the proof of social and political picture of those times. In eleventh century a revolutionary event happened when papyrus was replaced by paper. Present form of book came into existence in fifteenth century. The earlier book printing was done through wood-cut. Technological inventions made the rapid printing possible in the third decade of nineteenth century. Actual idea of mass communication came into existence with the idea of newspaper, and thus press has since been most important channel of mass communication. After that invention of radio, television, computer, internet, mobile gave pace to the mass communication.
Research and Methodology
The Objectives of This Study are as Follows
1. To study whether mass media communication affect public opinion
2. To study whether public opinion affect mass communication
1. To study whether mass media communication affect public opinion
2. To study whether public opinion affect mass communication
Research and Methodology
The study deals with the theoretical aspect of
the topic Mass-media Communication and Public
Opinion. It is based upon the secondary sources. We
have tried touching all the aspects in present scenario
with historical, philosophical and analytical approach.
This chapter gives an overview sketch of research work and explains the direction of literature studied. Let us review some literature concerned with the topic of our research. A number of books deal as a text book for mass communication Wilbur Schramm’s book is a collection of selected readings which covers different aspects related to mass communication.
Berlo, in his book, describes the way people communicate with each other. Especially it concerns itself with the scope and purpose of communication, the factors, involved in the process and the role of language in human behavior. It defines and describes factors affecting communication and its result. It is a book with an approach that makes the process. It derives the multidimensional approach in studying the mass communication process.
a) Models of Communication
The process of communication has largely been described through some models by different social scientists. We try to present some of the significant models for general understanding of the phenomenon.
b) Aristotle’s Model of Communication
It is the earliest model presented by Aristotle in his book Rhetoric about 2300 years ago. There are five essential elements in this model: the speaker, the speech, the audience, the occasion, and the effects
c) Lasswall Model of Communication
This model is like Aristotelian model. This model explains the message flow in a pluralistic society. The key factors of this model are” Who -says what -in what channel -to whom -with what effect
d) 3. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication1
Shannon and Weaver proposed their model in 1949 it processing is from left to right. In this mathematical model, speaker sends a message through the communication channel and it is changed into signals. These signals are received by the receiver and also some information (which we cell voice) is added to the signal.
e) Wendell Johnson’s Model of Communication
It is a model which explains the complex process of communication presented by Wendell Johnson’s in 1951). The surrounding rectangle shows that communication taking place in a context which is external to sender and receiver and curved loop indicated that various stages of communication are interrelated and interdependent.
Public opinion is referred as the collection of the opinion of people and sometimes it is called mass opinion also. Its nature cannot be reflected by public opinion, because ‘public’ and ‘opinion’ both have a varying nature, and their combined nature expresses the nature of public opinion. So this discussion starts with the ‘public’. The terms public and opinion are not identical terms. Generally in public, we refer to those people have special contribution in opinion, so according to the need, public and opinion are inter related. This inter-related necessity gives meaning to public opinion. The second thing is opinion. Psychological analysis says that there is a great contribution of our personal development. We always respond in a specific way. We have some straight formatted habits, trends, tendencies beliefs, values etc. Whatever we see or hear we observe it, we analyze it according to our aforesaid fixed tendencies. There become some specific responding patterns in the society and these specific responses become the nature of human being. When anybody knows a person, he knows his specific responding ways. It is easy to predict his reaction on a particular mater. We call these attitudes, opinions.
The essence of public lies in mass. That is why in order to understand public we will have to know, what is mass how it is formed and how it seems as an organic whole. What factors are associated with a dense group of people? Actually mass represents the people who participate in its behaviour, mass is also formed by whole social state. It is an anonymous group. They are physically separated and have a little interaction. They are loosely organized but they have a common interest from which they are associated with. Public are not a calculated number of individuals. It means a collectivity, which exists because individuals share experiences, certain memories and traditions, certain conditions of life with other and this binds them to the public. Individuals in mass stimulate with other and are stimulated by the other from a common factor or interest. These individuals are not in direct contact of each other, yet they assimilate. Their assimilation is held by their interests, which intensifies their point of view and guides and motivates other individuals also, who are the part and parcel of mass. According to Young “In contrast, members of a public need not and often are not, in direct physical relationship with each other, such an association is held together by the fact of a stimulus and interest assumed to be common with other
This chapter gives an overview sketch of research work and explains the direction of literature studied. Let us review some literature concerned with the topic of our research. A number of books deal as a text book for mass communication Wilbur Schramm’s book is a collection of selected readings which covers different aspects related to mass communication.
Berlo, in his book, describes the way people communicate with each other. Especially it concerns itself with the scope and purpose of communication, the factors, involved in the process and the role of language in human behavior. It defines and describes factors affecting communication and its result. It is a book with an approach that makes the process. It derives the multidimensional approach in studying the mass communication process.
a) Models of Communication
The process of communication has largely been described through some models by different social scientists. We try to present some of the significant models for general understanding of the phenomenon.
b) Aristotle’s Model of Communication
It is the earliest model presented by Aristotle in his book Rhetoric about 2300 years ago. There are five essential elements in this model: the speaker, the speech, the audience, the occasion, and the effects
c) Lasswall Model of Communication
This model is like Aristotelian model. This model explains the message flow in a pluralistic society. The key factors of this model are” Who -says what -in what channel -to whom -with what effect
d) 3. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication1
Shannon and Weaver proposed their model in 1949 it processing is from left to right. In this mathematical model, speaker sends a message through the communication channel and it is changed into signals. These signals are received by the receiver and also some information (which we cell voice) is added to the signal.
e) Wendell Johnson’s Model of Communication
It is a model which explains the complex process of communication presented by Wendell Johnson’s in 1951). The surrounding rectangle shows that communication taking place in a context which is external to sender and receiver and curved loop indicated that various stages of communication are interrelated and interdependent.
Public opinion is referred as the collection of the opinion of people and sometimes it is called mass opinion also. Its nature cannot be reflected by public opinion, because ‘public’ and ‘opinion’ both have a varying nature, and their combined nature expresses the nature of public opinion. So this discussion starts with the ‘public’. The terms public and opinion are not identical terms. Generally in public, we refer to those people have special contribution in opinion, so according to the need, public and opinion are inter related. This inter-related necessity gives meaning to public opinion. The second thing is opinion. Psychological analysis says that there is a great contribution of our personal development. We always respond in a specific way. We have some straight formatted habits, trends, tendencies beliefs, values etc. Whatever we see or hear we observe it, we analyze it according to our aforesaid fixed tendencies. There become some specific responding patterns in the society and these specific responses become the nature of human being. When anybody knows a person, he knows his specific responding ways. It is easy to predict his reaction on a particular mater. We call these attitudes, opinions.
The essence of public lies in mass. That is why in order to understand public we will have to know, what is mass how it is formed and how it seems as an organic whole. What factors are associated with a dense group of people? Actually mass represents the people who participate in its behaviour, mass is also formed by whole social state. It is an anonymous group. They are physically separated and have a little interaction. They are loosely organized but they have a common interest from which they are associated with. Public are not a calculated number of individuals. It means a collectivity, which exists because individuals share experiences, certain memories and traditions, certain conditions of life with other and this binds them to the public. Individuals in mass stimulate with other and are stimulated by the other from a common factor or interest. These individuals are not in direct contact of each other, yet they assimilate. Their assimilation is held by their interests, which intensifies their point of view and guides and motivates other individuals also, who are the part and parcel of mass. According to Young “In contrast, members of a public need not and often are not, in direct physical relationship with each other, such an association is held together by the fact of a stimulus and interest assumed to be common with other
Result/Conclusion
aIn the present study two objectives were made.
To analyze the objectives, it is based upon the
secondary sources. We have tried to touch all the
aspects in present scenario with historical, philosophical
and analytical approach. The hypothesis was then finally
interpreted and the results were obtained. Result of the
study of the field of public opinion is earmarked by
some negative trends like yellow journalism, molding
facts, sensational coverage. The tendency of the leaders
to encase mass/mob culture for their personal benefits
and propaganda is a big obstacle in the formation of
public opinion. Most of the governments employ a
variety of devices to influence communication channels
and there may be some non-governmental interest groups who apply these types of pressures. These
channels are influenced by journalistic standards,
governmental regulations, advertisers and pressures of
any types on one hand and by economic forces on the
other giving advantage either to the sponsored or to the
audience in case of bargaining. Then, channels in
control mean that the mass media are limited and the
range of ideas prohibited and, uncontrolled channels
have the opportunity of providing complete information.
Awards like Pulitzer Prize come up, Sigma, Delta Chi
award, Cigar Institute’s annual prize etc, influence the
coverage of journalists. In developing countries mass
media have to face some problems as traditions and
quasi-mass communication networks are also very
strong.
In these countries media is under constant vigil. Even international channels are used for the purpose of national government to get attention for foreign trade tourists to keep in touch with immigrants as well as to bring interest in World affairs and bringing world opinion to its favor. Thus with the modern advance technological mass communication has taken a new form along with immense opportunities and possibilities. The speed is still very slow waiting to be explored further. The present work has its own limitations. This is the study of theoretical aspect of the topic that is why it does not explore some areas. It could have been an empirical study. A lot of work can be proposed in each and every aspect of public opinion and communication like propaganda, mass gathering etc.
In these countries media is under constant vigil. Even international channels are used for the purpose of national government to get attention for foreign trade tourists to keep in touch with immigrants as well as to bring interest in World affairs and bringing world opinion to its favor. Thus with the modern advance technological mass communication has taken a new form along with immense opportunities and possibilities. The speed is still very slow waiting to be explored further. The present work has its own limitations. This is the study of theoretical aspect of the topic that is why it does not explore some areas. It could have been an empirical study. A lot of work can be proposed in each and every aspect of public opinion and communication like propaganda, mass gathering etc.
References
1. Kimball Young (1964). “COMMENTS ON THE
NATURE OF “PUBLIC” AND “PUBLIC OPINION”, in
David Katz, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York,
p. 62.
2. Graeme C, Moodie (1970). OPINION PUBLICS AND PRESSURE GROUPS, Georg Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, p.30
3. As quoted in, Malcolm G. Mitchell (1981). PROPAGANDA POLLS AND PUBLIC OPINION: ARE THE PEOPLE MANIPULATED? Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs N.J., p.62.
4. Bernard Berelson and Gary A (1984). Steniner, HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, pp. 557-58.
5. As quoted in Dan Nimmo (1985) POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC OPINION 114 AMERICA, Goodyear publishing company, Santa Monica, California, p.9.
6. Harold D. Lasswell, (1988). THE STRUCTURE AM) FUNCTION Op COMMUNICATION IN SOCIETY, in Lyman Bryson (ed.), THE COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS, Harper and Row, New York, p. 37.
7. Bruce H. Wesley, Malcolm S. Maclean (1997). ACONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Journalism Quarterly, 34, winter, Pp. 31-38.
8. A.L. Lowell,(1993) PUBLIC OPINION AND POPULAR GOVERNMENT, Longmans, Green, New York, pp. 15-16.
9. Albert V. Dicey (1975). LECTURES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN LAW AND PUBLIC OPINION IN ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, The Macmillan Co., New York, pp. 3, 4, 10, 19-20.
Research articles
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume12/1-An-Intensive-Rice-Production.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume13/4-Outcomes-of-Vietnams-Agrarian.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume14/3-Livelihood-Diversification-Strategies.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume15/1-Laborer-Status-and-the-Effect-of-Vocational.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume16/4-Poverty-Assessment-and-Analysis.pdf
Published by Global Journals
2. Graeme C, Moodie (1970). OPINION PUBLICS AND PRESSURE GROUPS, Georg Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, p.30
3. As quoted in, Malcolm G. Mitchell (1981). PROPAGANDA POLLS AND PUBLIC OPINION: ARE THE PEOPLE MANIPULATED? Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs N.J., p.62.
4. Bernard Berelson and Gary A (1984). Steniner, HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, pp. 557-58.
5. As quoted in Dan Nimmo (1985) POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC OPINION 114 AMERICA, Goodyear publishing company, Santa Monica, California, p.9.
6. Harold D. Lasswell, (1988). THE STRUCTURE AM) FUNCTION Op COMMUNICATION IN SOCIETY, in Lyman Bryson (ed.), THE COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS, Harper and Row, New York, p. 37.
7. Bruce H. Wesley, Malcolm S. Maclean (1997). ACONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Journalism Quarterly, 34, winter, Pp. 31-38.
8. A.L. Lowell,(1993) PUBLIC OPINION AND POPULAR GOVERNMENT, Longmans, Green, New York, pp. 15-16.
9. Albert V. Dicey (1975). LECTURES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN LAW AND PUBLIC OPINION IN ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, The Macmillan Co., New York, pp. 3, 4, 10, 19-20.
Research articles
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume12/1-An-Intensive-Rice-Production.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume13/4-Outcomes-of-Vietnams-Agrarian.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume14/3-Livelihood-Diversification-Strategies.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume15/1-Laborer-Status-and-the-Effect-of-Vocational.pdf
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume16/4-Poverty-Assessment-and-Analysis.pdf
Published by Global Journals
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